THE HARYANA NON-BIODEGRADABLE
GARBAGE (CONTROL) ACT, 1998
GOVT. OF HARYANA
LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT
HARYANA GOVR. (EXTRA), MARCH 4, 1998
(PHGN 13, 1919 SAKA)
PART – 1
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
Notification
The 4th March, 1998
No. Leg. 9/98- The following Act of the Legislature of the state of Haryana received the assent of the Governor of Haryana on the 24th February, 1998 and is hereby published for general information :-
Haryana Act No.8 of 1998
THE HARYANA NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE (CONTROL)
ACT, 1998
AN
ACT
to prevent throwing or depositing of non-biodegradable garbage in
public drains, roads and places open to public view in the state of Haryana and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the state of Haryana in the Fortyeighth Year of the Republic of India, as follows :-
Short title 1. (1) This Act may be called the Haryana Non-Biodegradable
extent and Garbage (Control) Act, 1998.
commenc- (2) It extends to the whole of the state of Haryana.
ement. (3) It shall come into fore in such areas and on such
date as the State Government, by notification, specify and
different dates may be specified for different areas.
Definitions 2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-
(a) “bio-degradable garbage” means the garbage or waste material
capable of being destroyed by the action of living beings;
or any biodegradable garbage in a non-biodegradable bag or
container likely to –
(i) injure the drainage and sewage system;
(ii) interfere with the free flow or affect the treatment and
disposal of drain and sewage contents ; and
(iii) be dangerous or cause a nuisance or be prejudicial to
public health.
(2) No person shall, knowingly or otherwise, place or permit to
be placed, except in accordance with such procedure and after complying with such safeguards as may be prescribed, any bio-degradable or non-biodegradable garbage in any public place or in a place open to public view, unless –
(a) the garbage is placed in a garbage receptacle; or
(b) the garbage is deposited in a location designated by a local
authority having jurisdiction on an area for the disposal of the garbage.
Provision for (4) It shall be the duty of the local authority or any officer
placement of authorised by it, to ---
receptacle
and places for (a) place or provide place in proper and convenient situation
deposit of non- public receptacles, depots or places for temporary deposit or
biodegradable collection of non-biodegradable garbage ;
garbage (b) provide separate dustbins for temporary deposit of non-biodegradable garbage other than those kept and maintained for deposit of biodegradable garbage ;
(c) provide for the removal of contents of receptacles, deposit
and of the accumulation at all places provided or a appointed by it under clause (a) of this section; and
(d) arrange for recycling disposal of the non-biodegradable
garbage collected under this act.
Duty of owners (5) It shall be the duty of the owners and occupiers of all lands occupiers to and buildings –
collect & deposit
non-biodegradable (a) to collect or to cause to be collected from their respective land
garbage etc. and buildings, the non-biodegradable garbage and to deposit, or
cause to be deposited, in public receptacles, deposits or places provided for temporary deposit or collection of the non-biodegradable garbage by the local authority in the area.
(b) to provide separate receptacles or dustbins, other than those
kept and maintained for deposit of bio-degradable garbage, of the type and in the manner prescribed by the local authority or its officers for collection there in of all the non-biodegradable waste from such land and building and to keep such receptacles dustbins in good condition and repair.
Power of local (6) The local authority may, by notice in writing require the authority for owner or occupier or part-owner, of person claiming to be the
removal of “ owner or part owner of any land or building, which has be come a
non-biodegra- place of unauthorised stacking or deposit of non-biodegradable dable garbage garbage and is likely to occasion a nuisance, remove or cause to
be removed the said garbage so stacked or collected; and if, in its
opinion, such stacking or collection of non-biodegradable waste is likely to injure the drainage and sewage system or is likely to be dangerous to life and health, it shall forthwith take such steps at the cost of such persons as it may think necessary.
Studies, (7) The State Government may -------
research
and support (a) undertake studies to determine the composition of bio-
programme degradable or non-biodegradable garbage;
(b) establish measures to conduct or support research or
programmes to encourage source reduction, re-use and recycling of waste ;
(c) conduct or support studies to determine the social and
economic feasibility of household and other solid waste separation schemes, including studies of the type and amount of recyclable materials in solid wastes ;
(d) encourage local authorities in the State of Haryana to provide
readily accessible solid waste collection depots for residents who are not prescribed with regular garbage pick up;
(e) undertake and encourage local authorities and other persons
to implement policies to recycle waste materials, to promote energy conservation and to purchase products made from recyclable materials ;
(f) conduct and support research on waste management and
recycling including information on recyclables.
(g) conduct or support research on water management and
recycling, for use in educating the public, local authorities, institutions and industry; and
(h) impose requirements on manufacturers distributors and other
person who produce or handle commodities with respect to the type size, packaging, labeling and composition of packaging that may or must be used and with respect to the disposal of packaging including standards for material degradability and recyclability.
Penalties (8) (1) Whoever is guilty of any act or intentional omission in contravention of any of the provision of this Act, or of any rules, notification or order made, issued or given under this Act, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month or with fine which may extend to rupees five thousand or with both.
(2) Whoever having been convicted of an offence under this Act
is again convicted of any offence under this Act shall be
punishable with double the penalty provided for the latter offence.
(3) Whoever in any manner aids, abets or is accessory to the
commission of an offence under this Act shall on conviction be punished with imprisonment prescribed for the offence.
Offences by (9) (1) If the person committing any offence punishable under this companies Act is a company every person who, at the time of the commission
of the offence was incharge of, and responsible to the Company for the conduct of the business of the Company, as well as the Company shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly;
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person liable to any punishment provided in this Act, if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of the offence.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) where
an offence under this Act has been committed by a Company and it is proved that the offence has been committed with the consent or connivance of, or is attributable to any gross negligence on the part of any Director, Manager, Secretary or other officer of the Company, such Director, Manager, Secretary of other officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
Explanation :- For the purposes of this section ----
(a) “Company” means any body corporate and includes a firm or
other association of individuals ; and
(b) “Director” in relation to a firm means a partner in the firm.
Offences (10) All offence under the Act shall be tried in a summary way by
to be tried a Judicial Magistrate of the First Class and the provisions of
summarily sections 262 to 265 (both inclusive) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 shall, as far as may be, apply to such trials.
Compounding (11) (1) Any offence punishable under this Act may, before the
Of Offences. institution of the prosecution, be compounded by such officer as may be authorised by the State Government, of such sum as such officer may specify.
(2) Where any offence has been compounded under sub-
section (1) no proceeding shall be taken against the offender, if in custody, shall be discharged.
Directions by (12) The local authority shall carry out such directions as may be
State issued to it, from time to time, by the State Government for the
Government efficient administration of this Act.
Power to (13) (1) Where it is expedient to do so, the State Government
amend may, in the public interest and in consultation with the Public
Schedule Analyst by notification in the Official Gazette, add to, or omit from the Schedule any item of non-biodegradable waste and thereafter the Schedule shall be deemed to have been amended accordingly.
(2) Every notification under sub-section (1) shall be laid, as soon
as may be, after it is made, before the State Legislature
Power to (14) The State Government may, by notification published in the
delegate Official Gazette, direct that any power exercisable by it under this Act (not including the power to make rules under sections 17) may also be exercised, in such cases as may be specified in the order, by such officer or authority, as may be specified therein.
Protection of (15) No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie
action taken against the State Government or the local authority or any officer or
in good faith. other employees of the State Government or of the local authority or any other person authorised by the State Government for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done under this Act or the rules made thereunder.
Other laws (16) The provisions of this Act are in addition to, and not in
not affected. derogation of the provisions of any other law for the time being in force.
Power to (17) The State Government may subject to the condition of
make rules. previous publication, make rules for the purposes of carrying out of the provisions of this Act.
Power to (18) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this
r e m o v e Act, the State Government may, be order, do anything not
difficulties inconsistent with such provisions which appears to it to be necessary or expedient for the purpose of removing the difficulty.
SCHEDULE
[ See Section 2 (f) ]
NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE
1. Polythylene
2. Nylon
3. P.V.C.
4. Poly-prohlene
5. Poly-styrene
Friday, July 31, 2009
glossary
Solid Waste Management:Glossary
Aerobic composting
a method of com-posting organic wastes using bacteria that need oxygen. This requires that the waste be exposed to air, either via turning or by forcing air through pipes that pass through the material.
Anaerobic digestion
a method of composting that does not require oxygen. This composting method produces methane. Also known as anaerobic composting.
Ash
the noncombustible solid by-products of incineration or other burning process.
Autoclaving
sterilization via a pressurized, high-temperature steam process.
Baghouse
a combustion plant emission control device that consists of an array of fabric filters through which flue gases pass in an incinerator flue. Particles are trapped and thus prevented from passing into the atmosphere.
Basel Convention
an international agreement on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal, drawn up in March 1989 in Basel, Switzerland, with over 100 countries as signatories.
Biodegradable material
any organic material that can be broken down by microorganisms into simpler, more stable com-pounds. Most organic wastes (e.g., food, paper) are biodegradable.
Bottom ash
relatively coarse, noncombustible, generally toxic residue of incin-eration that accumulates on the grate of a furnace.
Bulky waste
large wastes such as appliances, furniture, and trees and branches, that cannot be handled by normal MSW processing methods.
Cell
the basic unit by which a landfill is developed. It is the general area where incoming waste is tipped, spread, compacted, and covered.
Chemocar
a special vehicle for the collection of toxic and hazardous wastes from residences, shops, and institutions.
Cleaner production
processes designed to reduce the wastes generated by production.
Co-disposal
the disposal of different types of waste in one area of a landfill or dump. For instance, sewage sludges may be disposed of with regular solid wastes.
Cogeneration
production of both electricity and steam from one facility, from the same fuel source.
Collection
the process of picking up wastes from residences, businesses, or a collection point, loading them into a vehicle, and transporting them to a processing, transfer, or disposal site.
Combustibles
burnable materials in the waste stream, including paper, plastics, wood, and food and garden wastes.
Combustion
in MSWM, the burning of materials in an incinerator.
Commingled
mixed recyclables that are collected together after having been separated from mixed MSW.
Communal collection
a system of collection in which individuals bring their waste directly to a central point, from which it is collected.
Compactor vehicle
a collection vehicle using high-power mechanical or hydraulic equipment to reduce the volume of solid waste.
Composite liner
a liner system for a land-fill consisting of an engineered soil layer and a synthetic sheet of material.
Compost
the material resulting from com posting. Compost, also called humus, is a soil conditioner and in some instances is used as a fertilizer.
Composting
biological decomposition of solid organic materials by bacteria, fungi, and other organisms into a soil-like product.
Construction and demolition debris
waste generated by construction and demolition of buildings, such as bricks, concrete, drywall, lumber, miscellaneous metal parts and sheets, packaging materials, etc.
Controlled dump
a planned landfill that incorporates to some extent some of the features of a sanitary landfill: siting with respect to hydrogeological suitability, grading, compaction in some cases, leachate control, partial gas management, regular (not usually daily) cover, access control, basic record-keeping, and controlled waste picking.
Curbside collection
collection of compostables, recyclables, or trash at the edge of a sidewalk in front of a residence or shop.
Curing
allowing partially composted materials to sit in a pile for a specified period of time as part of the maturing process in composting.
Disposal
the final handling of solid waste, following collection, processing, or incineration. Disposal most often means placement of wastes in a dump or a landfill.
Diversion rate
the proportion of waste material diverted for recycling, composting, or reuse and away from landfilling or incineration.
Drop-off center
an area or facility for receiving compostables or recyclables that are dropped off by waste generators.
Dump
see controlled dump and open dump.
Emissions
gases released into the atmosphere.
Energy recovery
the process of extracting useful energy from waste, typically from the heat produced by incineration or via methane gas from landfills.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
an evaluation designed to identify and predict the impact of an action or a project on the environment and human health and well-being. Can include risk assessment as a component, along with economic and land use assessment.
Environmental risk assessment (EnRA)
an evaluation of the interactions of agents, humans, and ecological resources. Comprised of human health risk assessment and ecological risk assessment, typically evaluating the probabilities and magnitudes of harm that could come from environmental contaminants.
Fabric filter
see baghouse.
Flaring
the burning of methane emitted from collection pipes at a landfill.
Fluidized-bed incinerator
a type of incinerator in which the stoker grate is replaced by a bed of limestone or sand that can withstand high temperatures. The heating of the bed and the high air velocities used cause the bed to bubble, which gives rise to the term fluidized.
Fly ash
the highly toxic particulate matter captured from the flue gas of an incinerator by the air pollution control system.
Garbage
in everyday usage, refuse in general. Some MSWM manuals use garbage to mean "food wastes," although this usage is not common.
Groundwater
water beneath the earth's surface that fills underground pockets (known as aquifers), supplying wells and springs.
Hazardous waste
waste that is reactive, toxic, corrosive, or otherwise dangerous to living things and/or the environment. Many industrial by-products are hazardous.
Heavy metals
metals of high atomic weight and density, such as mercury, lead, and cadmium, that are toxic to living organisms.
Household hazardous waste
products used in residences, such as paints and some cleaning compounds, that are toxic to living organisms and/or the environment.
Humus
the end product of composting, also called compost.
Incineration
the process of burning solid waste under controlled conditions to reduce its weight and volume, and often to produce energy.
Informal sector
the part of an economy that is characterized by private, usually small-scale, labor-intensive, largely unregulated, and unregistered manufacturing or provision of services.
Inorganic waste
waste composed of material other than plant or animal matter, such as sand, dust, glass, and many synthetics.
Integrated solid waste management
coordinated use of a set of waste management methods, each of which can play a role in an overall MSVVM plan.
International NGO
an organization that has an international headquarters and branches in major world regions, often with the purpose of undertaking development assistance.
In-vessel composting
composting in an enclosed vessel or drum with a controlled internal environment, mechanical mixing, and aeration.
Itinerant waste buyer
a person who moves around the streets buying (or bartering for) reusable and recyclable materials.
Landfill gases
gases arising from the decomposition of organic wastes; principally methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Such gases may cause explosions at landfills.
Landfilling
the final disposal of solid waste by placing it in a controlled fashion in a place intended to be permanent. The Source Book uses this term for both controlled dumps and sanitary landfllls.
Leachate
liquid (which may be partly produced by deromposition of organic matter) that has seeped through a landfill or a compost pile and has accumulated bacteria and other possibly harmful dissolved or suspended materials. If uncontrolled, leachate can contaminate both groundwater and surface water.
Leachate pond
a pond or tank constructed at a landfill to receive the leachate from the area. Usually the pond is designed to provide some treatment of the leachate, by allowing settlement of solids or by aeration to promote biological processes.
Lift
the completed layer of compacted waste in a cell at a landfill.
Liner
a protective layer, made of soil and/or synthetic materials, installed along the bottom and sides of a landfill to prevent or reduce the flow of leachate into the environment.
Manual landfill
a landfill in which most operations are carried out without the use of mechanized equipment.
Market waste
primarily organic waste, such as leaves, skins, and unsold food, discarded at or near food markets.
Mass-burn incinerator
a type of incinerator in which solid waste is burned without prior sorting or processing.
Materials recovery
obtaining materials that can be reused or recycled.
Materials recovery facility (MRF)
a facility for separating commingled recyclables by manual or mechanical means. Some MRFs are designed to separate recyclables from mixed MSW. MRFs then bale and market the recovered materials.
Methane
an odorless, colorless, flammable, explosive gas, CH,, produced by anaerobically decomposing MSW at landfills.
Microenterprise
a synonym for small-scale enterprise: a business, often family-based or a cooperative, that usually employs fewer than ten people and may operate "informally."
Mixed waste
unsorted materials that have been discarded into the waste stream.
Modular incinerator
a relatively small type of prefabricated solid waste combustion unit.
Monofill
a landfill intended for one type of waste only.
MSW
municipal solid waste.
MSWM
municipal solid waste management.
Municipal solid waste
all solid waste generated in an area except industrial and agricultural wastes. Sometimes includes construction and demolition debris and other special wastes that may enter the municipal waste stream. Generally excludes hazardous wastes except to the extent that they enter the municipal waste stream. Sometimes defined to mean all solid wastes that a city authority accepts responsibility for managing in some way.
Municipal solid waste management
planning and implementation of systems to handle MSW.
NGO
Nongovernmental organization. May be used to refer to a range of organizations from small community groups, through national organizations, to international ones. Frequently these are not-for-profit organizations.
Night soil
human excreta.
NIMBY
"Not In My Back Yard." An expression of resident opposition to the siting of a solid waste facility based on the particular location proposed.
Open dump
an unplanned "landfill" that incorporates few if any of the characteristics of a controlled landfill. There is typically no leachate control, no access control, no cover, no management, and many waste pickers.
Organic waste
technically, waste containing carbon, including paper, plastics, wood, food wastes, and yard wastes. In practice in MSWM, the term is often used in a more restricted sense to mean material that is more directly derived from plant or animal sources, and which can generally be decomposed by microorganisms.
Pathogen
an organism capable of causing disease.
Picker
see waste picker.
Pollution
the contamination of soil, water, or the atmosphere by the discharge of waste or other offensive materials.
Post-consumer materials
materials that a consumer has finished using, which the consumer may sell, give away, or discard as wastes.
Primary material
a commercial material produced from virgin materials used for manufacturing basic products. Examples include wood pulp, iron ore, and silica sand.
Privatization
a general term referring to a range of contracts and other agreements that transfer the provision of some services or production from the public sector to private firms or organizations.
Processing
preparing MSW materials for subsequent use or management, using processes such as baling, magnetic separation, crushing, and shredding. The term is also sometimes used to mean separation of recyclables from mixed MSW.
Producer responsibility
a system in which a producer of products or services takes responsibility for the waste that results from the products or services marketed, by reducing materials used in production, making repairable or recyclable goods, and/ or reducing packaging.
Putrescible
subject to decomposition or decay. Usually used in reference to food wastes and other organic wastes that decay quickly.
Pyrolysis
chemical decomposition of a substance by heat in the absence of oxygen, resulting in various hydrocarbon gases and carbon-like residue.
Recyclables
items that can be reprocessed into feedstock for new products. Common examples are paper, glass, aluminum, corrugated cardboard, and plastic containers.
Recycling
the process of transforming materials into raw materials for manufacturing new products, which may or may not be similar to the original product.
Refuse
a term often used interchangeably with solid waste.
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF)
fuel produced from MSW that has undergone processing. Processing can include separation of recyclables and noncombustible materials, shredding, size reduction, and pelletizing.
Resource recovery
the extraction and utilization of materials and energy from wastes.
Reuse
the use of a product more than once in its original form, for the same or a new purpose.
Rubbish
a general term for solid waste. Sometimes used to exclude food wastes and ashes.
Sanitary landfill
an engineered method of disposing of solid waste on land, in a manner that meets most of the standard specifications, including sound siting, extensive site preparation, proper leachate and gas management and monitoring, compaction, daily and final cover, complete access control, and record-keeping.
Scrubber
emission control device in an incinerator, used primarily to control acid gases, but also to remove some heavy metals.
Secondary material
a material recovered from post-consumer wastes for use in place of a primary material in manufacturing a product.
Secure landfill
a disposal facility designed to permanently isolate wastes from the environment. This entails burial of the wastes in a landfill that includes clay and/ or synthetic liners, leachate collection, gas collection (in cases where gas is generated), and an impermeable cover.
Septage
sludge removed from a septic tank (a chamber that holds human excreta).
Set-out container
a box or bucket used for residential waste that is placed outside for collection.
Sewage sludge
a semi-liquid residue that settles to the bottom of canals and pipes carrying sewage or industrial wastewaters, or in the bottom of tanks used in treating wastewaters.
Site remediation
treatment of a contaminated site by removing contaminated solids or liquids or treating them on-site.
Source reduction
the design, manufacture, acquisition, and reuse of materials so as to minimize the quantity and/or toxicity of waste produced.
Source separation
setting aside of compostable and recyclable materials from the waste stream before they are collected with other MSW, to facilitate reuse, recycling, and composting.
Special wastes
wastes that are ideally considered to be outside of the MSW stream, but which sometimes enter it and must often be dealt with by municipal authorities. These include household hazardous waste, medical waste, construction and demolition debris, war and earthquake debris, tires, oils, wet batteries, sewage sludge, human excreta, slaughterhouse waste, and industrial waste.
Subsidy
direct or indirect payment from government to businesses, citizens, or institutions to encourage a desired activity.
Tipping fee
a fee for unloading or dumping waste at a landfill, transfer station, incinerator, or recycling facility.
Tipping floor
unloading area for vehicles that are delivering MSW to a transfer station or incinerator.
Transfer
the act of moving waste from a collection vehicle to a larger transport vehicle.
Transfer point
a designated point, often at the edge of a neighborhood, where sma collection vehicles transfer waste to larger vehicles for transport to disposal sites.
Transfer station
a major facility at which MSW from collection vehicles is consolidated into loads that are transported by larger trucks or other means to more distant final disposal facilities, typically landfills.
Transition countries
the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union that are in various stages of restructuring their economies. The changes involve a move away from being substantially staterun toward a variety of new configurations, ranging from moderate economic liberalization to a significant dismantling of the state's role in the economy.
Vectors
organisms that carry diseasecausing pathogens. At landfills rodents, flies, and birds are the main vectors that spread pathogens beyond the landfill site.
Vermiculture
see worrn culture.
Virgin materials
any basic material for industrial processes that has not previously been used, for example, wood-pulp trees, iron ore, crude oil, bauxite.
Waste characterization study
an analysis of samples from a waste stream to determine its composition.
Waste collector
a person employed by a local authority or a private firm to collect waste from residences, businesses, and community bins.
Waste dealer
a middleman who buys recyclable materials from waste generators and itinerant buyers and sells them, after sorting and some processing, to wholesale brokers or recycling industries.
Waste management hierarchy
a ranking of waste management operations according to their environmental or energy benefits. The purpose of the waste management hierarchy is to make waste management practices as environmentally sound as possible.
Waste picker
a person who picks out recyclables from mixed waste wherever it may be temporarily accessible or disposed of.
Waste reduction
all means of reducing the amount of waste that is produced initially and that must be collected by solid waste authorities. This ranges from legislation and product design to local programs designed to keep recyclables and compostables out of the final waste stream.
Waste stream
the total flow of waste from a community, region, or facility.
Waste-to-energy (WTE) plant
a facility that uses solid waste materials (processed or raw) to produce energy. WTE plants include incinerators that produce steam for district heating or industrial use, or that generate electricity; they also include facilities that convert landfill gas to electricity.
Water table
level below the earth's surface at which the ground becomes saturated with water.
Wetland
an area that is regularly wet or flooded and has a water table that stands at or above the land surface for at least part of the year.
Windrow
an elongated pile of aerobically composting materials that are turned periodically to expose the materials to oxygen and to control the temperature to promote biodegradation.
Working face
the length and width of the row in which waste is being deposited at a landfill. Also known as the tipping face.
Worin castings
the material produced from the digestive tracts of worms as they live in earth or compost piles. The castings are rich in nitrates, potassium, phosphorous, calcium, and magnesium.
Worm culture
a relatively cool, aerobic composting process that uses worms and microorganisms. Also known as venniculture.
Yard waste
leaves, grass clippings, prunings, and other natural organic matter discarded from yards and gardens.
Aerobic composting
a method of com-posting organic wastes using bacteria that need oxygen. This requires that the waste be exposed to air, either via turning or by forcing air through pipes that pass through the material.
Anaerobic digestion
a method of composting that does not require oxygen. This composting method produces methane. Also known as anaerobic composting.
Ash
the noncombustible solid by-products of incineration or other burning process.
Autoclaving
sterilization via a pressurized, high-temperature steam process.
Baghouse
a combustion plant emission control device that consists of an array of fabric filters through which flue gases pass in an incinerator flue. Particles are trapped and thus prevented from passing into the atmosphere.
Basel Convention
an international agreement on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal, drawn up in March 1989 in Basel, Switzerland, with over 100 countries as signatories.
Biodegradable material
any organic material that can be broken down by microorganisms into simpler, more stable com-pounds. Most organic wastes (e.g., food, paper) are biodegradable.
Bottom ash
relatively coarse, noncombustible, generally toxic residue of incin-eration that accumulates on the grate of a furnace.
Bulky waste
large wastes such as appliances, furniture, and trees and branches, that cannot be handled by normal MSW processing methods.
Cell
the basic unit by which a landfill is developed. It is the general area where incoming waste is tipped, spread, compacted, and covered.
Chemocar
a special vehicle for the collection of toxic and hazardous wastes from residences, shops, and institutions.
Cleaner production
processes designed to reduce the wastes generated by production.
Co-disposal
the disposal of different types of waste in one area of a landfill or dump. For instance, sewage sludges may be disposed of with regular solid wastes.
Cogeneration
production of both electricity and steam from one facility, from the same fuel source.
Collection
the process of picking up wastes from residences, businesses, or a collection point, loading them into a vehicle, and transporting them to a processing, transfer, or disposal site.
Combustibles
burnable materials in the waste stream, including paper, plastics, wood, and food and garden wastes.
Combustion
in MSWM, the burning of materials in an incinerator.
Commingled
mixed recyclables that are collected together after having been separated from mixed MSW.
Communal collection
a system of collection in which individuals bring their waste directly to a central point, from which it is collected.
Compactor vehicle
a collection vehicle using high-power mechanical or hydraulic equipment to reduce the volume of solid waste.
Composite liner
a liner system for a land-fill consisting of an engineered soil layer and a synthetic sheet of material.
Compost
the material resulting from com posting. Compost, also called humus, is a soil conditioner and in some instances is used as a fertilizer.
Composting
biological decomposition of solid organic materials by bacteria, fungi, and other organisms into a soil-like product.
Construction and demolition debris
waste generated by construction and demolition of buildings, such as bricks, concrete, drywall, lumber, miscellaneous metal parts and sheets, packaging materials, etc.
Controlled dump
a planned landfill that incorporates to some extent some of the features of a sanitary landfill: siting with respect to hydrogeological suitability, grading, compaction in some cases, leachate control, partial gas management, regular (not usually daily) cover, access control, basic record-keeping, and controlled waste picking.
Curbside collection
collection of compostables, recyclables, or trash at the edge of a sidewalk in front of a residence or shop.
Curing
allowing partially composted materials to sit in a pile for a specified period of time as part of the maturing process in composting.
Disposal
the final handling of solid waste, following collection, processing, or incineration. Disposal most often means placement of wastes in a dump or a landfill.
Diversion rate
the proportion of waste material diverted for recycling, composting, or reuse and away from landfilling or incineration.
Drop-off center
an area or facility for receiving compostables or recyclables that are dropped off by waste generators.
Dump
see controlled dump and open dump.
Emissions
gases released into the atmosphere.
Energy recovery
the process of extracting useful energy from waste, typically from the heat produced by incineration or via methane gas from landfills.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
an evaluation designed to identify and predict the impact of an action or a project on the environment and human health and well-being. Can include risk assessment as a component, along with economic and land use assessment.
Environmental risk assessment (EnRA)
an evaluation of the interactions of agents, humans, and ecological resources. Comprised of human health risk assessment and ecological risk assessment, typically evaluating the probabilities and magnitudes of harm that could come from environmental contaminants.
Fabric filter
see baghouse.
Flaring
the burning of methane emitted from collection pipes at a landfill.
Fluidized-bed incinerator
a type of incinerator in which the stoker grate is replaced by a bed of limestone or sand that can withstand high temperatures. The heating of the bed and the high air velocities used cause the bed to bubble, which gives rise to the term fluidized.
Fly ash
the highly toxic particulate matter captured from the flue gas of an incinerator by the air pollution control system.
Garbage
in everyday usage, refuse in general. Some MSWM manuals use garbage to mean "food wastes," although this usage is not common.
Groundwater
water beneath the earth's surface that fills underground pockets (known as aquifers), supplying wells and springs.
Hazardous waste
waste that is reactive, toxic, corrosive, or otherwise dangerous to living things and/or the environment. Many industrial by-products are hazardous.
Heavy metals
metals of high atomic weight and density, such as mercury, lead, and cadmium, that are toxic to living organisms.
Household hazardous waste
products used in residences, such as paints and some cleaning compounds, that are toxic to living organisms and/or the environment.
Humus
the end product of composting, also called compost.
Incineration
the process of burning solid waste under controlled conditions to reduce its weight and volume, and often to produce energy.
Informal sector
the part of an economy that is characterized by private, usually small-scale, labor-intensive, largely unregulated, and unregistered manufacturing or provision of services.
Inorganic waste
waste composed of material other than plant or animal matter, such as sand, dust, glass, and many synthetics.
Integrated solid waste management
coordinated use of a set of waste management methods, each of which can play a role in an overall MSVVM plan.
International NGO
an organization that has an international headquarters and branches in major world regions, often with the purpose of undertaking development assistance.
In-vessel composting
composting in an enclosed vessel or drum with a controlled internal environment, mechanical mixing, and aeration.
Itinerant waste buyer
a person who moves around the streets buying (or bartering for) reusable and recyclable materials.
Landfill gases
gases arising from the decomposition of organic wastes; principally methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Such gases may cause explosions at landfills.
Landfilling
the final disposal of solid waste by placing it in a controlled fashion in a place intended to be permanent. The Source Book uses this term for both controlled dumps and sanitary landfllls.
Leachate
liquid (which may be partly produced by deromposition of organic matter) that has seeped through a landfill or a compost pile and has accumulated bacteria and other possibly harmful dissolved or suspended materials. If uncontrolled, leachate can contaminate both groundwater and surface water.
Leachate pond
a pond or tank constructed at a landfill to receive the leachate from the area. Usually the pond is designed to provide some treatment of the leachate, by allowing settlement of solids or by aeration to promote biological processes.
Lift
the completed layer of compacted waste in a cell at a landfill.
Liner
a protective layer, made of soil and/or synthetic materials, installed along the bottom and sides of a landfill to prevent or reduce the flow of leachate into the environment.
Manual landfill
a landfill in which most operations are carried out without the use of mechanized equipment.
Market waste
primarily organic waste, such as leaves, skins, and unsold food, discarded at or near food markets.
Mass-burn incinerator
a type of incinerator in which solid waste is burned without prior sorting or processing.
Materials recovery
obtaining materials that can be reused or recycled.
Materials recovery facility (MRF)
a facility for separating commingled recyclables by manual or mechanical means. Some MRFs are designed to separate recyclables from mixed MSW. MRFs then bale and market the recovered materials.
Methane
an odorless, colorless, flammable, explosive gas, CH,, produced by anaerobically decomposing MSW at landfills.
Microenterprise
a synonym for small-scale enterprise: a business, often family-based or a cooperative, that usually employs fewer than ten people and may operate "informally."
Mixed waste
unsorted materials that have been discarded into the waste stream.
Modular incinerator
a relatively small type of prefabricated solid waste combustion unit.
Monofill
a landfill intended for one type of waste only.
MSW
municipal solid waste.
MSWM
municipal solid waste management.
Municipal solid waste
all solid waste generated in an area except industrial and agricultural wastes. Sometimes includes construction and demolition debris and other special wastes that may enter the municipal waste stream. Generally excludes hazardous wastes except to the extent that they enter the municipal waste stream. Sometimes defined to mean all solid wastes that a city authority accepts responsibility for managing in some way.
Municipal solid waste management
planning and implementation of systems to handle MSW.
NGO
Nongovernmental organization. May be used to refer to a range of organizations from small community groups, through national organizations, to international ones. Frequently these are not-for-profit organizations.
Night soil
human excreta.
NIMBY
"Not In My Back Yard." An expression of resident opposition to the siting of a solid waste facility based on the particular location proposed.
Open dump
an unplanned "landfill" that incorporates few if any of the characteristics of a controlled landfill. There is typically no leachate control, no access control, no cover, no management, and many waste pickers.
Organic waste
technically, waste containing carbon, including paper, plastics, wood, food wastes, and yard wastes. In practice in MSWM, the term is often used in a more restricted sense to mean material that is more directly derived from plant or animal sources, and which can generally be decomposed by microorganisms.
Pathogen
an organism capable of causing disease.
Picker
see waste picker.
Pollution
the contamination of soil, water, or the atmosphere by the discharge of waste or other offensive materials.
Post-consumer materials
materials that a consumer has finished using, which the consumer may sell, give away, or discard as wastes.
Primary material
a commercial material produced from virgin materials used for manufacturing basic products. Examples include wood pulp, iron ore, and silica sand.
Privatization
a general term referring to a range of contracts and other agreements that transfer the provision of some services or production from the public sector to private firms or organizations.
Processing
preparing MSW materials for subsequent use or management, using processes such as baling, magnetic separation, crushing, and shredding. The term is also sometimes used to mean separation of recyclables from mixed MSW.
Producer responsibility
a system in which a producer of products or services takes responsibility for the waste that results from the products or services marketed, by reducing materials used in production, making repairable or recyclable goods, and/ or reducing packaging.
Putrescible
subject to decomposition or decay. Usually used in reference to food wastes and other organic wastes that decay quickly.
Pyrolysis
chemical decomposition of a substance by heat in the absence of oxygen, resulting in various hydrocarbon gases and carbon-like residue.
Recyclables
items that can be reprocessed into feedstock for new products. Common examples are paper, glass, aluminum, corrugated cardboard, and plastic containers.
Recycling
the process of transforming materials into raw materials for manufacturing new products, which may or may not be similar to the original product.
Refuse
a term often used interchangeably with solid waste.
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF)
fuel produced from MSW that has undergone processing. Processing can include separation of recyclables and noncombustible materials, shredding, size reduction, and pelletizing.
Resource recovery
the extraction and utilization of materials and energy from wastes.
Reuse
the use of a product more than once in its original form, for the same or a new purpose.
Rubbish
a general term for solid waste. Sometimes used to exclude food wastes and ashes.
Sanitary landfill
an engineered method of disposing of solid waste on land, in a manner that meets most of the standard specifications, including sound siting, extensive site preparation, proper leachate and gas management and monitoring, compaction, daily and final cover, complete access control, and record-keeping.
Scrubber
emission control device in an incinerator, used primarily to control acid gases, but also to remove some heavy metals.
Secondary material
a material recovered from post-consumer wastes for use in place of a primary material in manufacturing a product.
Secure landfill
a disposal facility designed to permanently isolate wastes from the environment. This entails burial of the wastes in a landfill that includes clay and/ or synthetic liners, leachate collection, gas collection (in cases where gas is generated), and an impermeable cover.
Septage
sludge removed from a septic tank (a chamber that holds human excreta).
Set-out container
a box or bucket used for residential waste that is placed outside for collection.
Sewage sludge
a semi-liquid residue that settles to the bottom of canals and pipes carrying sewage or industrial wastewaters, or in the bottom of tanks used in treating wastewaters.
Site remediation
treatment of a contaminated site by removing contaminated solids or liquids or treating them on-site.
Source reduction
the design, manufacture, acquisition, and reuse of materials so as to minimize the quantity and/or toxicity of waste produced.
Source separation
setting aside of compostable and recyclable materials from the waste stream before they are collected with other MSW, to facilitate reuse, recycling, and composting.
Special wastes
wastes that are ideally considered to be outside of the MSW stream, but which sometimes enter it and must often be dealt with by municipal authorities. These include household hazardous waste, medical waste, construction and demolition debris, war and earthquake debris, tires, oils, wet batteries, sewage sludge, human excreta, slaughterhouse waste, and industrial waste.
Subsidy
direct or indirect payment from government to businesses, citizens, or institutions to encourage a desired activity.
Tipping fee
a fee for unloading or dumping waste at a landfill, transfer station, incinerator, or recycling facility.
Tipping floor
unloading area for vehicles that are delivering MSW to a transfer station or incinerator.
Transfer
the act of moving waste from a collection vehicle to a larger transport vehicle.
Transfer point
a designated point, often at the edge of a neighborhood, where sma collection vehicles transfer waste to larger vehicles for transport to disposal sites.
Transfer station
a major facility at which MSW from collection vehicles is consolidated into loads that are transported by larger trucks or other means to more distant final disposal facilities, typically landfills.
Transition countries
the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union that are in various stages of restructuring their economies. The changes involve a move away from being substantially staterun toward a variety of new configurations, ranging from moderate economic liberalization to a significant dismantling of the state's role in the economy.
Vectors
organisms that carry diseasecausing pathogens. At landfills rodents, flies, and birds are the main vectors that spread pathogens beyond the landfill site.
Vermiculture
see worrn culture.
Virgin materials
any basic material for industrial processes that has not previously been used, for example, wood-pulp trees, iron ore, crude oil, bauxite.
Waste characterization study
an analysis of samples from a waste stream to determine its composition.
Waste collector
a person employed by a local authority or a private firm to collect waste from residences, businesses, and community bins.
Waste dealer
a middleman who buys recyclable materials from waste generators and itinerant buyers and sells them, after sorting and some processing, to wholesale brokers or recycling industries.
Waste management hierarchy
a ranking of waste management operations according to their environmental or energy benefits. The purpose of the waste management hierarchy is to make waste management practices as environmentally sound as possible.
Waste picker
a person who picks out recyclables from mixed waste wherever it may be temporarily accessible or disposed of.
Waste reduction
all means of reducing the amount of waste that is produced initially and that must be collected by solid waste authorities. This ranges from legislation and product design to local programs designed to keep recyclables and compostables out of the final waste stream.
Waste stream
the total flow of waste from a community, region, or facility.
Waste-to-energy (WTE) plant
a facility that uses solid waste materials (processed or raw) to produce energy. WTE plants include incinerators that produce steam for district heating or industrial use, or that generate electricity; they also include facilities that convert landfill gas to electricity.
Water table
level below the earth's surface at which the ground becomes saturated with water.
Wetland
an area that is regularly wet or flooded and has a water table that stands at or above the land surface for at least part of the year.
Windrow
an elongated pile of aerobically composting materials that are turned periodically to expose the materials to oxygen and to control the temperature to promote biodegradation.
Working face
the length and width of the row in which waste is being deposited at a landfill. Also known as the tipping face.
Worin castings
the material produced from the digestive tracts of worms as they live in earth or compost piles. The castings are rich in nitrates, potassium, phosphorous, calcium, and magnesium.
Worm culture
a relatively cool, aerobic composting process that uses worms and microorganisms. Also known as venniculture.
Yard waste
leaves, grass clippings, prunings, and other natural organic matter discarded from yards and gardens.
solid waste management
Solid wastes have emerged as a serious threat to environment. Improper disposal of solid wastes adversely affects our environment and health. Anaerobic decomposition of solid wastes in landfills used for waste disposal produces methane- a greenhouse gas 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Incineration of solid wastes produces greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide, which cause global warming leading to climate change.
One often comes across in our cities and towns solid waste materials that are improperly treated and left in open places near to human habitations. Uncollected wastes often end up in drains, causing blockages that result in flooding and problems of sanitation. Flies and mosquitoes breed in some constituents of solid waste leading to spreading of diseases. Waste collection workers and rag pickers face occupational hazards like strains from lifting, injuries from sharp objects and accidents.
One often comes across in our cities and towns solid waste materials that are improperly treated and left in open places near to human habitations. Uncollected wastes often end up in drains, causing blockages that result in flooding and problems of sanitation. Flies and mosquitoes breed in some constituents of solid waste leading to spreading of diseases. Waste collection workers and rag pickers face occupational hazards like strains from lifting, injuries from sharp objects and accidents.
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